Abstract
Background
Chronic pain is common and significantly impacts on the lives of persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Various types ofnon‐pharmacological interventions are widely used, both in hospital and ambulatory/mobility settings to improve pain control in pwMS, but the effectiveness and safety of many non‐pharmacologicalmodalities is still unknown.
Objectives
This review aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety ofnon‐pharmacological therapies for the management of chronic painin pwMS. Specific questions to be addressed by this review include the following.
Are non‐pharmacological interventions (unidisciplinary and/or multidisciplinary rehabilitation) effective in reducing chronic pain inpwMS?
What type of non‐pharmacological interventions (unidisciplinary and/or multidisciplinary rehabilitation) are effective (least and most effective) and in what setting, in reducing chronic pain in pwMS?
Search methods
A literature search was performed using the specialised register of the Cochrane MS and Rare Diseases of the Central Nervous System Review Group, using the Cochrane MS Group Trials Register which contains CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, LILACUS, Clinical trials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform on 10 December 2017. Handsearching of relevant journals and screening of reference lists of relevant studies was carried out.
Selection criteria
All published randomised controlled trials (RCTs)and cross‐over studies that compared non‐pharmacological therapies with a control intervention for managing chronic pain in pwMS were included. Clinical controlled trials (CCTs) were eligible for inclusion.
Data collection and analysis
All three review authors independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the studies using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool for best‐evidence synthesis. Pooling data formeta‐analysis was not possible due to methodological, clinical and statistically heterogeneity of the included studies.
Main results
Overall, 10 RCTs with 565 participants which investigated differentnon‐pharmacological interventions for the management of chronicpain in MS fulfilled the review inclusion criteria. Thenon‐pharmacological interventions evaluated included: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), psychotherapy (telephone self‐management, hypnosis and electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS), hydrotherapy (Ai Chi) and reflexology.
There is very low‐level evidence for the use of non‐pharmacologicalinterventions for chronic pain such as TENS, Ai Chi, tDCS, tRNS, telephone‐delivered self‐management program, EEG biofeedback and reflexology in pain intensity in pwMS. Although there were improved changes in pain scores and secondary outcomes (such as fatigue, psychological symptoms, spasm in some interventions), these were limited by methodological biases within the studies.
Authors’ conclusions
Despite the use of a wide range of non‐pharmacologicalinterventions for the treatment of chronic pain in pwMS, the evidence for these interventions is still limited or insufficient, or both. More studies with robust methodology and greater numbers of participants are needed to justify the effect of these interventions forthe management of chronic pain in pwMS.
Plain language summary
[Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiplesclerosis]
Review Question
Do non‐medication treatments improve chronic pain in multiplesclerosis (MS) in comparison to inactive treatment?
Background
Chronic pain in people with MS (pwMS) is common, and treatment with medications can be associated with and limited by side effects such as confusion, falls, dizziness and drowsiness. Many non‐medication treatments are used to treat chronic pain in pwMS, which include exercise, psychology, electrical stimulation therapy, reflexology and others.
Search Date
We included all randomised clinical trials (clinical studies where people are randomly put into one of two or more intervention groups), which were published up to December 2017.
Study Characteristics
Overall, we found 10 studies evaluating different non‐medication treatments to treat chronic pain in persons with MS. The treatments evaluated included: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, transcranial direct stimulation, transcranial random noise stimulation, reflexology, psychotherapy and hydrotherapy. These studies included 565 participants and used a range of different methods to measure pain and other outcomes. Comparison groups also varied.
Key Results
Results from these studies show a very low level of evidence for the use of any non‐medication treatments for chronic pain in persons with MS.
Quality of Evidence
We assessed the overall quality of the studies as very low, as many studies included only small numbers of participants and had other methodological issues. More research with good methodological quality and greater number of participants are needed to determine the effectiveness of such treatments.
