Abstract
Background
Nurse staffing interventions have been introduced across countries in recent years in response to changing patient requirements, developments in patient care, and shortages of qualified nursing staff. These include changes in skill mix, grade mix or qualification mix, staffing levels, nursing shifts or nurses’ work patterns. Nurse staffing has been closely linked to patient outcomes, organisational outcomes such as costs, and staff-related outcomes.
Objectives
Our aim was to explore the effect of hospital nurse staffing models on patient and staff-related outcomes.
Search methods
We searched the following databases from inception through to May 2009: Cochrane/EPOC resources (DARE, CENTRAL, the EPOC Specialised Register), PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, CAB Health, Virginia Henderson International Nursing Library, the Joanna Briggs Institute database, the British Library, international theses databases, as well as generic search engines.
Selection criteria
Randomised control trials, controlled clinical trials, controlled before and after studies and interrupted time series analyses of interventions relating to hospital nurse staffing models. Participants were patients and nursing staff working in hospital settings. We included any objective measure of patient or staff-related outcome.
Data collection and analysis
Seven reviewers working in pairs independently extracted data from each potentially relevant study and assessed risk of bias.
Main results
We identified 6,202 studies that were potentially relevant to our review. Following detailed examination of each study, we included 15 studies in the review. Despite the number of studies conducted on this topic, the quality of evidence overall was very limited. We found no evidence that the addition of specialist nurses to nursing staff reduces patient death rates, attendance at the emergency department, or readmission rates, but it is likely to result in shorter patient hospital stays, and reductions in pressure ulcers. The evidence in relation to the impact of replacing Registered Nurses with unqualified nursing assistants on patient outcomes is very limited. However, it is suggested that specialist support staff, such as dietary assistants, may have an important impact on patient outcomes. Self-scheduling and primary nursing may reduce staff turnover. The introduction of team midwifery (versus standard care) may reduce medical procedures in labour and result in a shorter length of stay without compromising maternal or perinatal safety. We found no eligible studies of educational interventions, grade mix interventions, or staffing levels and therefore we are unable to draw conclusions in relation to these interventions.
Authors’ conclusions
The findings suggest interventions relating to hospital nurse staffing models may improve some patient outcomes, particularly the addition of specialist nursing and specialist support roles to the nursing workforce. Interventions relating to hospital nurse staffing models may also improve staff-related outcomes, particularly the introduction of primary nursing and self-scheduling. However, these findings should be treated with extreme caution due to the limited evidence available from the research conducted to date.
Plain language summary
Hospital nurse staffing models and patient and staff-related outcomes
Many countries have introduced new models for staffing hospital units with nursing staff in response to shortages of qualified nurses and changes in patient care needs. These include changes in the mix of qualified and unqualified nurses within the hospital workforce, the mix of nurses with different qualifications and different levels of experience, and the way in which nursing staff are allocated to hospital units and to individual patients receiving care on each hospital unit. We identified 15 relevant studies that were considered to be of an appropriate design to be included in this review.
It appears that certain changes to hospital nurse staffing, particularly the introduction of specialist nursing roles and specialist support staff, may improve patient outcomes. The introduction of staffing models such as primary nursing and self-scheduling may reduce the number of staff resignations. However, the research in relation to these topics is limited and the findings should be treated with caution.
